Pre-Ib Geography Exam Review Essay Example for Free

Pre-Ib Geography Exam Review EssayAngular Bearing measured in degrees in a clockwise direction from the marriage written as 3 figures (i. e. 90) * Military Grid (4 adenylic acid 6 digit) * System of numbered lines position stated by quoting numbers of the lines that intersect at the dapple in question * Easting Northing EAST TENTH NORTH TENTH * Contour line a way of showing elevation usually brown lines * horrific beas very close contour lines, gentle areas very wide contour lines * Latitude/ lossitude * Latitude 0 Equator23. 5N Tropic of Cancer 23. S Tropic of Capricorn * Longitude 0 Prime Meridian 180 International Date Line * Scale different types conversions Linear Scale Representative disunite Scale Direct Statement Scale * * 150 000 * 1 cm to 10 km * 1 km = 100 000 cm * condemnation Zones know them adenine how to calculate time zone from one zone to another * From atomic number 74 east Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, Newfound belt down * Pl us 1 hour, as you travel from west to east Global Positioning System (GPS) what is it? How do you use it? * Revolutionary navigation system provide location with metres or less(prenominal) anywhere on the globe * Canada Map Unit 3 * Geologic time-line (eras adenylic acidereere major developments in each) * Precambrian Era the earth is formed Canadian shield is formed bacterium vitamin A algae only life forms * Paleozoic Era the continents straddle the equator scratch insects appear Pangaea is formed * MesozoicEra Dinosaurs rule the earth first bird amp mammals appear * Cenozoic Era Dinosaurs go extinct first Hominids appear first humans reach North America * Continental Drift amp base Tectonics * Continental drift (Alfred Wegener) 300 million years ago, all of the earths land masses, which were in incessant motion, collided to form one supercontinent Pangaea could not explain how continents moved * Evidence shape of the continents Fossil Evidence Rock Evidence Glacial Depo sits Location of Coal Deposits * Plate tectonics (Canadian J. Tuzo.Wilson) the earths crust is divided into 12 major plates which moved in various directions by the underlaying hot mantle convection cells (mid-atlantic ridge) * Types of audacitys Relief/Orographic rushing Cyclonic/Frontal precipitation Convectional precipitation * Relief/Orographic precipitation only in mountainous regions * Moist airwave draw close up the windward tip amp condenses as it rises amp cools * Cool air descends on the leeward slope, untougheneds up, drier climate because the clouds evaporate * Cyclonic/Frontal precipitation only in places with hot summers +20C (continental areas) * The sun heats up the ground, warm air rises condensing amp forming clouds amp precipitation. * As the storm persists, the air cools amp drags raven, pitch the storm to an end. * Convectional precipitation happens in most places * breeze masses of different pressure amp temperatures dont mix. * The warmer air wi ll rise above the colder, dense one, creating precipitation. Gradual upward movement=mild precipitation Sharp upward movement=thunderstorm, hail * Landforms the natural features on the surface of the nation (Canadian Shield, lowlands, highlands) What are they? Development of landformsHow do they or will they contribute to Canada Canadian Shield ( widest amp oldest landform region)PRECAMBRIAN * Pressure in grimace Earth folded amp crumpled the metamorphic rock * Minerals in shield rock cooled amp separated into layers according to their density * Intense heat amp pressure changed the rocks * Erosion worn down mountains = tied(p) * Ice age eroded amp created lakes, depressions amp valleys * Not much farming thin layer of soil little fertile land * Vast deposits of lead, gold, nickel, copper, zinc, etc. Mining communities drawn here communities rely on the mining industry for jobs * Rich diamond deposits Water for hydroelectric pushing * Recreation, tourism, bemuse back to natur e, canoe Appalachian Mountains (oldest highland region)PALEOZOIC * End Paleozoic Era, North America collided with europe amp northern Africa during the formation of Pangaea * Raised amp folded layers of sedimentary, Igneous/metamorphic created from volcanoes amp earthquakes * Erosion reduced jagged peaks to rounded hills amp mountains * Glaciers smoothed peaks amp separated hills with wide glacial valleys * Sedimentary risque in non-metallic materials, i. e. coal * Igneous/Metamorphic rich in metallic minerals, i. e. iron amp zinc created by volcanic activity amp faulting * Long bays created from trumpery age, for deep harbours for ocean freighters amp became site of major cities * Settlement along fertile river valleys amp along seacoast Innuitian Mountains (most northern region)MESOZOIC *Formed in Mesozoic era North American plate moved northward. Continental-continental convergence * Contain some igneous amp metamorphic, but mainly sedimentary * junior than Appalachians, not worn down as much * Barren trees cant survive extremely cold winter temperatures cant ferment during short summer * Covered by ice amp permanent snow * Minerals not exploited because if remote location Western CordilleraLATE MESOZOICEARLYCENOZOICCoast mountainsInterior plateausEastern Mountains * Range aft(prenominal) range of mountains separated by plateaus amp valleys * Pacific plate amp North American plate collided * Uplifting region into several mountain regions * oblique pacific plate subducted under North American causing folding, faulting, amp volcanic activity * nifty height + rugged appearance = geologically young * North-south mountains amp valleys = obstacle for transportation since main routes are west=south * Farming amp mining towns in river valleys * Tourism(beautiful scenery) winter sports * Fishing(salmon) gold rush energy resources * Copper, forestry, rocks, coal, fossil fuels Interior PlainsPALEOZOIC + MESOZOICAlberta PlainsSaskatchewan PlainsManitoba Plains * 545 million years ago during formation, covered by inland seas, sediments deposited amp compressed into sedimentary * Thick layers of mineral deposits left in dried-out sea beds * Composed of rolling hills amp deep, wide river valleys * Differential erosion separated by escarpment * Glaciations created tumid lakes covered by sediments = flat * Reafs from inland seas form oil amp gas found today * Potash mined amp used as fertilizer * Swamps at sharpness of ancient seas changed into coal * Soil developed on sediments of lake bottom deep fertile, good for growing grains amp oil seeds * Agricultural amp beef products Great Lakes / St.Lawrence Lowlands(most southerly region)PALEOZOIC * During Paleozoic era, glacier retreated which left 5 great lakes * Bedrock formed from sedimentary rock several escarpments * Glaciations created rolling landscape, carried huge amounts of soil, sand amp gravel from Canadian shield, dumped throughout region * Flat plains, glacial hills, amp deep rive r valleys * Rift valley formed by faulting flooded during end of ice age * Good for agriculture excellent soils amp warm climate * Flat lands ideal for transportation routes amp development of cities (50% of canadians live in small) * 70% of spheres manufacturing industries * Maple syrup, forestry, mining, fishery, water supply, * Sheep, poultry, dairy, logging lumber, paper Hudson Bay Arctic LowlandsPALEOZOIC + PRECAMBRIAN + MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC + CENOZOIC * Layers of sedimentary rock rest on top of the inning of ancient rock of Shield * Waters of Hudson Bay covered lowland amp deposited sand, silt, amp clay that became layer of sedimentary rock * A serial of islands located in far north, gently rolling landscape * Bodies of water continues to deposit deep basins of sedimentary along east amp west coasts (Paleozoic era) *recession glaciers left sedimentary rock (Cenozoic) * HB- mining, march, wetlands, plains * AL-Not good for farming, harsh climate * Rich in furs due to abundan ce of wildlife * Water resources provide hydro power for Ontario * Contain lignite, coal, oil, amp natural deposits * Game, fishing * Climate weather conditions of a place averaged over a long period of time * Factors affecting Climate (LOWERN) * Latitude fundamental differences in average annual temperatures distance from the equator a key factor. * The same amount of energy from the sun that hits Earth is spread over a large areas at northerly ocation because of th earths curve the same amount of energy is more concentrated at the equator * some southerly pointPelee Island Most northerly pointAlert * Ocean Currents The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of the air passing over it. * Warm warm air the mild climate of B. C. Cold cold air Labrador amp northern Newfoundland * Where air above two currents meet, conditions are often damp amp foggy. * Winds amp Air Masses * Air Masses large volume of air with the climate conditions of the area where it is formed . * Over ocean moist as air masses pass over land=in precipitation over continental area will generally be dry. * Winds amp Pressure Systems * Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, this causes wind. Prevailing Winds around the earth, there are pressure belts which cause wind patterns. * Westerlies over Canada, the winds tends to move from the west to east . * Polar Front the boundary between the cold, dry, polar air amp warm, wet, tropical air. * Jet Stream high in the atmosphere above the polar front is a current of fast-moving air. * In winter=moves southward, cold arctic air into the U. S. *In summer=moves northward, warm air from the Gulf of Mexico to flow farther northward into Canadas interior. * Cold air masses amp warm air masses that meet at the polar front often create storms. * Elevation height of land above sea level Air mass moves up a mountain= expands since there is less pressure as it expands=loses heat amp becomes cooler. * Relief the aff ect that mountain ranges act as barriers to climate systems * Result in greatly differing temperatures in different cities that are close to each other but separated by mountains. * Windward side of rocky mountains=more precipitation leeward side of rocky mountains= precipitation. * Nearness to body of water Bodies of water have a moderating effect on land temperatures. * Oceans amp large lakes heat up amp cool down more slowly than land masses. * Results in cooler summers amp warmer winters. * Maritime vs. Continental climate * Maritime * Continental Total annual precipitation of over 1000 mm * Total annual precipitation of less than 1000 mm * A temperature range of less than 25C * A temperature range of more than 25C * Winter Season of uttermost Precipitation * Summer Season of Maximum Precipitation * Soil own-up (MOMA) *Minerals Organic material amp bacteria Moisture Air * Vegetation * Tree line boundary between the Tundra amp the Boreal Forest zone North of this line, it is to o cold for trees to grow. * Permafrost permanently frozen ground that does not completely thaw in the summer. * Active layer upper layer of permafrost that thaws only briefly in summertime Unit 4 Demography study of human commonwealth dynamics, population numbers, distribution, trends, amp issues that looks at how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration amp ageing. * Push/pull factors what are they? Be able to identify them * Push factors factors that causes people to emigrate from their country (i. e. war, absence of human rights, poor economic/educational opportunities, religious persecution, terrorism, amp natural disasters) * Pull factors factors that draws immigrants to a country (i. e. job opportunities, freedom of speech amp religion, lower taxes, better education amp healthcare, better climate, join friends/ relations living in another country ) * Immigration benefits amp drawbacks Benefits Drawbacks Declining fertility amp population=severe labour s hortages * Fiscal burden of aging population scarce staff-nursing business firms amp retirement facilities *Replace baby boomers jobs fill jobs Canadians dont want temporary jobs during harvest time * High-skilled-innovate higher rate than canadians low-skilled- meet crucial service sector gaps * More global prosperity than foreign aid/ multinational trade revolutionize Canadas foreign aid policy * Short term expediency political gain * Stress on schools to take in new students * Little cultural communities formed * Lack of culture belonging * Competition for jobs of Canadians * Types of immigrants (3 types) * Economic Immigrants Skilled Worker/ Professional 67 points (government adjust make sure immigrants meet Canadas economic needs) * Business Immigrant 37 points (show willingness/ability-make significant financial contributions to economy) * Family Immigrants (Allows Canadian residents to reunite with family members) * Every family immigrant must be sponsored by relative in Can ada (provide housing amp other needs for 3-10 years, if immigrant runs into financial difficulty, they need to help them) * Refugee (Apply for refugee status while in Canada as visitors/living in home country) * Fears cruel or inhumane treatment in their home country ( persecution-race, religion, nationality, political opinion) * Special category includes victims of natural disasters (storms, earthquakes), amp human disasters (war, famine) * Points system what are points given for? Who does it apply to? Education High School, University/college (diploma, bachelor, doctorate, masters degree)_______________Economic * Language ability English/French (high/moderate/basic/no